Reference Style
Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)
In-text citations
For more examples, see 15.40–45 in The Chicago Manual of Style.
Chapter or other part of an edited book
In the reference list, include the page range for the chapter or part. In the text, cite specific pages.
Reference list entry
In-text citation
In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.
Reference list entry
In-text citation
For more details, see 15.36 and 15.42 in The Chicago Manual of Style.
Translated book
Reference list entry
In-text citation
E-book
For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the text, if any (or simply omit).
Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)
In-text citations
Journal article
In the reference list, include the page range for the whole article. In the text, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database in the reference list entry. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.
Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)
In-text citations
Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. If there are four or more authors, list up to ten in the reference list; in the text, list only the first, followed by et al. (“and others”). For more than ten authors (not shown here), list the first seven in the reference list, followed by et al.
Reference list entry
In-text citation
For more examples, see 15.46–49 in The Chicago Manual of Style.
News or magazine article
Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. In the reference list, it can be helpful to repeat the year with sources that are cited also by month and day. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in the text but are omitted from a reference list entry. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.
Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)
In-text citation
Readers’ comments are cited in the text but omitted from a reference list.
In-text citation
For more examples, see 15.49 (newspapers and magazines) and 15.51 (blogs) in The Chicago Manual of Style.
Book review
Reference list entry
In-text citation
Interview
Reference list entry
In-text citation
Thesis or dissertation
Reference list entry
In-text citation
Website content
It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). If a more formal citation is needed, it may be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, use n.d. (for “no date”) in place of the year and include an access date.
Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)
In-text citations
For more examples, see 15.50–52 in The Chicago Manual of Style. For multimedia, including live performances, see 15.57.
Social media content
Citations of content shared through social media can usually be limited to the text (as in the first example below). If a more formal citation is needed, a reference list entry may be appropriate. In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post.
Text
Reference list entries (in alphabetical order)
In-text citations
Personal communication
Personal communications, including email and text messages and direct messages sent through social media, are usually cited in the text only; they are rarely included in a reference list.